Itaya virus, a Novel Orthobunyavirus Associated with Human Febrile Illness, Peru - Volume 21, Number 5—May 2015 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC
Volume 21, Number 5—May 2015
Research
Itaya virus, a Novel Orthobunyavirus Associated with Human Febrile Illness, Peru
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Robert D. Hontz, Carolina Guevara, Eric S. Halsey, Jesus Silvas, Felix W. Santiago, Steven G. Widen, Thomas G. Wood, Wilma Casanova, Nikos Vasilakis, Douglas M. Watts, Tadeusz J. Kochel, Hideki Ebihara, and Patricia V. Aguilar
Abstract
Our genetic analyses of uncharacterized bunyaviruses isolated in Peru identified a possible reassortant virus containing small and large gene segment sequences closely related to the Caraparu virus and a medium gene segment sequence potentially derived from an unidentified group C orthobunyavirus. Neutralization tests confirmed serologic distinction among the newly identified virus and the prototype and Caraparu strains. This virus, named Itaya, was isolated in 1999 and 2006 from febrile patients in the cities of Iquitos and Yurimaguas in Peru. The geographic distance between the 2 cases suggests that the Itaya virus could be widely distributed throughout the Amazon basin in northeastern Peru. Identification of a newOrthobunyavirus species that causes febrile disease in humans reinforces the need to expand viral disease surveillance in tropical regions of South America.
The Orthobunyavirus genus, part of the group of viruses known as arboviruses, comprises several human and zoonotic pathogens known to be transmitted by mosquitoes, culicoides midges, nest bugs, and ticks and is the largest of the 5 genera within the Bunyaviridae family. Orthobunyaviruses, like other members of theBunyaviridae family, have a trisegmented (large [L], medium [M], and small [S] segments) negative-sense RNA genome. The L RNA segment encodes for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the M segment encodes for the glycoproteins Gn and Gc, and the S segment encodes for the nucleocapsid protein. Many orthobunyaviruses also encode the nonstructural proteins NSm and NSs within the M and S segments, respectively; however, these proteins are not encoded in all orthobunyaviruses described (1,2).
Because of the segmented nature of their genome, bunyaviruses, like other segmented genome viruses, can undergo genetic reassortment. In recent years, increasing numbers of reassortant bunyaviruses have been identified by using sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, and novel reassortant bunyaviruses with increased pathogenicity have been documented (3,4). Evidence that genetic reassortment appears to be the driving force in bunyavirus evolution (5) strongly supports the possibility that novel reassortant bunyaviruses will continue to be identified. Therefore, efforts to characterize existing and recently isolated bunyavirus strains are needed.
Some of the viruses within the genus Orthobunyavirus, including Oropouche, Iquitos, Guaroa, Jamestown Canyon, La Crosse, Cache Valley, Wyeomyia, and members of the group C viruses such as Caraparu and Murutucu, have been documented as causes of clinical disease in humans in the Americas (6–10). These orthobunyaviruses cause many symptoms, primarily febrile illness that has potential to be severely debilitating and that is sometimes accompanied by neurologic manifestations requiring intensive care (10). Human group C viruses infections, largely associated with mild febrile illness, are indistinguishable from dengue fever (9), and recent studies on the genetic characterization of reference strains have described their genetic relationship (11).
Since 1999, the US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6) in Lima, Peru, has collaborated with the Peruvian Ministry of Health to investigate the etiology of febrile illnesses in Peru and greater Latin America (9). As part of these activities, >54 orthobunyaviruses, including group C, Guaroa, Maguari, and Oropouche viruses, were isolated, and some have been genetically characterized in an effort to understand their relationships to other strains identified in South America (8,11,12). These efforts have already resulted in identification of Iquitos virus as a proposed reassortant bunyavirus in the Simbu serogroup that causes febrile illness in Peru (8).
A recent study that examined some clinical isolates of group C viruses in South America isolated during 2003–2008 showed that the strain FSL2923, isolated from a febrile patient in Yurimaguas in 2006, had complete L and S RNA segments of Caraparu virus; however, the M segment was only 75.3% identical to that of Caraparu (11). No attempts were made to antigenically characterize the strain to confirm differences from the Caraparu virus. Here, we report the identification of this strain as a possible novel reassortant group C virus, which we named Itaya virus after the Itaya River that surrounds Iquitos, where this virus was isolated. We demonstrate that the Itaya virus causes clinical disease in humans similar to that of other group C viruses. We also describe the genetic relationship of Itaya virus to other group C serogroup viruses and the clinical manifestations among persons infected with the viruses.
Dr. Hontz is a US Naval officer, a research microbiologist, and holds a PhD in molecular genetics. He is currently unit head of Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases in the Virology and Emerging Infections Department at the US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 in Lima, Peru. His research interests include investigating genetic and epidemiologic aspects of flaviviral infections, primarily dengue.
Acknowledgments
We thank Robert Tesh for providing reagents. We also thank Roxana Caceda, Alfredo Huaman, Roger Castillo, Vidal Felices, Cristhopher Cruz, and Juan Sulca for invaluable support. We thank the Peruvian Ministry of Health for supporting the study and the physicians at the study sites for their participation and help.
This research was supported by the US Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System, a Division of the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center Work Unit Number: 847705.82000.25GB.B0016; the NIH contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 to N.V. and P.V.A.; Institute for Human Infection and Immunity at UTMB; and start-up funds from the Department of Pathology to P.V.A. The work was supported in part by the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health to H.E.
The study protocol was approved by the Naval Medical Research Center Institutional Review Board (Protocol NMRCD.2000.0006) in compliance with all applicable federal regulations governing the protection of human subjects. The experiments reported herein were conducted in compliance with the Animal Welfare Act and in accordance with the principles set forth in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, Institute of Laboratory Animals Resources, National Research Council, National Academy Press, 1996.
The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. Robert Hontz, Eric Halsey and Tadeusz Kochel are military service members and Carolina Guevara is an employee of the U.S. Government. This work was prepared as part of their official duties. Title 17 U.S.C. §105 provides that “Copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the United States Government.” Title 17 U.S.C. §101 defines a U.S. Government work as a work prepared by a military service member or employee of the U.S. Government as part of that person’s official duties.
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Suggested citation for this article: Hontz RD, Guevara C, Halsey ES, Silvas J, Santiago FW, Widen SG, et al. Itaya virus, a novel Orthobunyavirus associated with human febrile illness, Peru. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 May [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2105.141368
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