Lipopolysaccharide Modification Promotes Maintenance of Yersinia pestis in Fleas.

Aoyagi K1, Brooks BD1, Bearden SW2, Montenieri JA2, Gage KL2, Fisher MA1.

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Abstract

Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, can be transmitted by fleas in two different manners: by early phase transmission (EPT), which occurs shortly after flea infection, or by blocked fleas following long-term infection. Efficient flea-borne transmission is predicated upon the ability of Y. pestis to be maintained within the flea. Signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) was used to identify genes required for Y. pestis maintenance in a genuine plague vector, Xenopsylla cheopis. The STM screen identified seven mutants that displayed markedly reduced fitness in fleas after four days, the time during which EPT occurs. Two of the mutants contained insertions in genes encoding glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (galU) and UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (arnB), which are involved in the modification of lipid A with aminoarabinose (Ara4N) and resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs). These Y. pestis mutants were more susceptible to the CAMPs cecropin A and polymyxin B, and produced lipid A lacking Ara4N modifications. Surprisingly, an in-frame deletion of arnB retained modest levels of CAMP resistance and Ara4N modification, indicating the presence of compensatory factors. It was determined that WecE, an aminotransferase involved in biosynthesis of enterobacterial common antigen, plays a novel role in Y. pestis Ara4N modification by partially offsetting the loss of arnB. These results indicate that mechanisms of Ara4N modification of lipid A are more complex than previously thought, and these modifications, as well as several factors yet to be elucidated, play an important role in early survival and transmission of Y. pestis in the flea vector.